effect of microwave on human body ppteffect of microwave on human body ppt

Chandrasekaran K, Hatanp K, Rapoport SI, Brady DR. Human SH-SY5YNB cells were exposed to 2.1GHz W-CDMA modulated microwave radiation for 24h at a specific absorption rate of 0.491W/kg. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. It is noteworthy that most of the above mentioned studies were based on the theory that the effects caused by microwaves are non-thermal. However, a recent report [3] published by the Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR) noted that discussions about the thermal and non-thermal effects are misleading. Zhao L, Peng RY, Gao YB, Wang SM, Wang LF, Dong J, et al. Each of these effects are also caused by exposures to other microwave frequency EMFs, with Hassanshahi A, Shafeie SA, Fatemi I, Hassanshahi E, Allahtavakoli M, Shabani M, et al. In 57% of military devices, Polish soldiers work in occupational protection zones. 2015;91:55561. Wang L, Li X, Peng R, Gao Y, Zhao L, Wang S, et al. Merola P, Marino C, Lovisolo G, Pinto R, Laconi C, Negroni A. Symptoms included headache, paresthesia, diarrhea, malaise and lassitude. Bioelectromagnetics. Szmigielski S. Cancer risks related to low-level RF/MW exposures, including cell phones. 1984;11:4760. The mechanism by which microwave radiation decreases glucose, resulting in impaired learning and memory in rats, may be related to an increase in the synthesis and release of acetylcholine in the hippocampus. However, there was no change in the frequency of AMPA mEPSCs or the amplitudes of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) mEPSCs. 2005;1042:1018. WJZ wrote the paper and outlined this manuscript, LFW and XJH provided a detailed guidance throughout the article. [20] divided the radar workers into three sets: control group (n=68), exposure group I (n=40, exposed to 812GHz) and exposure group II (n=58, working with radar at 12.518.0GHz). One study reported by the Interphone study group [13] showed that there was no increase in the risk of glioma or meningioma in users of mobile phones. Identification of a novel rat nr2b subunit gene promoter region variant and its association with microwave-induced neuron impairment. CAS Google Scholar. J Electromagnet Anal. Raised glucose levels enhance scopolamine-induced acetylcholine overflow from the hippocampus: an in vivo microdialysis study in the rat. It has been shown that neurons are sensitive to reductions in the availability of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the main source of energy in mitochondria, which have been reported to be vulnerable to microwave radiation [118]. Scientific, technical publications in the nuclear field | IAEA Behav Brain Res. Google Scholar. Indian J Occup Environ Med. 2005;360:6577. [46] found that by excessively activating the NMDA receptor signaling pathway, microwaves undermine hippocampal synaptic plasticity, explaining the damage observed in learning and memory abilities in radiated rats. Radial arm maze performance of rats following repeated low level microwave radiation exposure. Cancer in radar technicians exposed to radiofrequency/microwave radiation: sentinel episodes. Lee TM, Ho SM, Tsang LY, Yang SY, Li LS, Chan CC. However, Li et al. statement and For example, it can shorten reaction times so that people can better cope with danger. [62] irradiated Wistar rats, hippocampal synaptosomes and differentiated PC12 cells using microwaves (average power density, 30mW/cm2) for 5min, and the results showed that the post-exposure spatial memory of the rats was significantly decreased, the post-exposure levels of phosphorylated synapsin I (p-synapsin I) and GABA were decreased in the rat and cell experiments, and the post-exposure levels of vesicular GABA transporter and p-synapsin I were increased in small clear synaptic vesicles (which were abnormally assembled in presynaptic terminals) in the rat experiments. The Microwave signals in the food can cause water molecules to pulsate, generates heat to cook the food. Koivisto M, Krause CM, Revonsuo A, Laine M, Hmlinen H. The effects of electromagnetic field emitted by GSM phones on working memory. 2015;36:4804. Per the FDA, the microwave can heat human skin. A radio frequency electric current enhances antibiotic efficacy against bacterial biofilms. Concurrently, in the hippocampus, acetylcholine can promote learning and memory [115, 116]. [78] exposed differentiated astroglial cells that were cultured for 14days in vitro to either continuous 900MHz waves or 900MHz waves modulated in amplitude at 50Hz using a sinusoidal wave form and 100% modulation index for 5, 10, or 20min. Spatial memory and learning performance and its relationship to protein synthesis of Swiss albino mice exposed to 10 GHz microwaves. Previous studies have shown that in unexposed control rats, hippocampal neurons are aligned in neat rows in which the edges are clear, nuclei are clear, nucleoli can be observed, and pyramidal cells do not exhibit obvious necrosis. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Effects of 2.4 GHz radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi equipment on microRNA expression in brain tissue. Besides, the Soviet Union banned microwaves in 1976 . This study also revealed the dose-dependent relationship of the modulated microwave effect: decreasing the SAR 100-fold reduced the associated changes in the EEG by three- to six-fold and decreased the number of affected subjects but did not completely eliminate the effects. Curr Opin Neurobiol. The strength of the electric field (rms value) at the sample position was 10V/m. 2009;158:12639. Clin Neurophysiol. Nakatani-Enomoto S, Furubayashi T, Ushiyama A, Groiss SJ, Ueshima K, Sokejima S, et al. Int J Radiat Biol. Lymphatic Systems: Due to chemical alterations within food substances, malfunctions occur in the lymphatic system, causing a degeneration of the body's ability to . Riedel G, Platt B, Micheau J. Glutamate receptor function in learning and memory. 2012;35:32534. PLoS One. Nuclear pyknosis and capillary congestion are also observed. Cite this article. All of the authors read and approved the final manuscript. MicroRNAs and neurodegeneration: role and impact. One reason for this difference may be that the water maze experiment is driven by aversion, whereas the arm maze experiment is driven by appetite. Gold PE. 2006;27:16471. After 28days, the levels of Glu and Tau in the hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid were lower, indicating that the cognitive damage induced by microwave radiation is associated with a decrease in Glu [66, 67]. 2003;41:26887. However, the problem with these studies is that different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, and power density of the radiation and the irradiation time, were used to evaluate microwave radiation between studies. Kesari KK, Behari J. Fifty-gigahertz microwave exposure effect of radiations on rat brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. The interaction of microwaves with matter other than metallic conductors will be to rotate molecules and produce heat as result of that molecular motion. Eliyahu I, Luria R, Hareuveny R, Margaliot M, Meiran N, Shani G. Effects of radiofrequency radiation emitted by cellular telephones on the cognitive functions of humans. Google Scholar. Thus, these results suggest that the 2.4W/kg GSM 1800MHz microwaves may reduce excitatory synaptic activity and the number of excitatory synapses in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Vakalopoulos C. The EEG as an index of neuromodulator balance in memory and mental illness. It has been proposed that by enhancing the functions of acetylcholine, glucose can increase the concentration of free calcium ions in the synapse to reverse microwave-induced damage to learning and memory. 1993;13:41322. Behav Brain Res. J Environ Health. Brain electrical activity originates from the membrane potential of the neuron itself and the fluctuation in membrane potential. 2012;112:1715. [101] exposed rats to microwave radiation at frequencies of 0, 900, 1800 and 2450MHz (SARs: 0, 0.59, 0.58 and 0.66mW/kg, respectively) using a transverse electromagnetic cell for 2months for 2h/d, 5 d/week. These spines have been reported to share a close relationship with learning and memory abilities, and when protein synthesis in dendritic spines is blocked, new spine growth and the development of long spines are both decreased [91]. Neurologic and biochemical findings and CD4/CD8 ratio in people occupationally exposed to RF and microwave. The results showed that at 6h, 1 d and 3 d after exposure, the groups in which the average power density was 10mW/cm2 or 50mW/cm2 displayed significant deficits in spatial learning and memory. Mosconi L, Tsui WH, Rusinek H, De Santi S, Li Y, Wang GJ, et al. Thurczy G, Kubinyi G, Bodo M, Bakos J, Szabo L. Simultaneous response of brain electrical activity (EEG) and cerebral circulation (REG) to microwave exposure in rats. Qutob et al. Article 2004;2004:19. Nicholson RM, Kusne Y, Nowak LA, LaFerla FM, Reiman EM, Valla J. Location of gliomas in relation to mobile telephone use: a case-case and case-specular analysis. Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China, You can also search for this author in Many studies have been made on the biological effects of microwave radiation. Merola et al. However, impaired learning and memory were only observed in males. 2004;115:1490505. Mortazavi et al. After exposure, the levels of 2 waves in the hypothalamus increased more than those in the cortex, leading to a significant reduction in the deviation of the two EGGs. A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. Zhao et al. 2011;107:35661. 1990;39:13543. CAS Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. Google Scholar. 2006;165:63644. Wang Q, Cao Z. [49] found that microwave radiation enhanced brain wave energy, decreased brain wave frequency, and increased the amplitude and power of delta frequency bands, indicating a decrease in learning ability [50,51,52,53]. The relationship between NMDA receptors and microwave induced learning and memory impairment: a long term observation on Wistar rats. After exposure to microwave irradiation (an average power density of 30mW/m2 for 5min/d on five days a week for two consecutive months), the expression of NR2B was decreased in rats, the level of Glu was increased in the hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid, spatial memory ability was decreased among rats with the TT genotype, and there was no change in the CC type and TC type animals. Resting state cortical EEG rhythms in Alzheimer's disease: toward EEG markers for clinical applications: a review. Many recent studies have reported that microwaves exposure affects EEG results [54,55,56,57]. The results indicated that repeated low-level exposure to extremely low frequency microwaves affects brain functioning and provide an additional approach to analyzing the underlying mechanisms. Kang D, Hamasaki N. Mitochondrial transcription factor a in the maintenance of mitochondrial DNA. Brain Res Rev. Otto M, von Mhlendahl KE. 2014;53:22230. [40] also repeated the experiment only and found that radial-arm maze performance in rats remained unchanged. Xu S, Ning W, Xu Z, Zhou S, Chiang H, Luo J. Dasdag et al. static fields, health effects, human health, environmental effects, SCENIHR, Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks Opinion to be cited as: 1994;10:13548. Article Thus, in the early developmental stage, chronic exposure to 2.4W/kg GSM microwaves may influence dendritic development and the formation of excitatory synapses in cultures of hippocampal neurons. The effects are usually . J Radiat Proc. J Neurosci Methods. The transduction of a nerve impulse and the postsynaptic potential produced by it result in synaptic transmission. Because the frequency of microwaves is sufficiently high that the energy is absorbed, the subsequent heating of tissue becomes its major mechanism, and most biochemical and physiological responses are temperature-dependent. 2009;63:10106. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. Arch Environ Health. [105] identified stable C-T mutation sites at 217 points by screening for SNPs in the GRIN2B promoter region in rats. 2001;12:72931. Naser D, Shahram T. Adverse health effects of occupational exposure to radiofrequency radiation in airport surveillance radar operators. 2004;23:20114. Thus, the committee suggested that in the future, studies should explore the border between thermal and non-thermal effects and that specific effects, such as triggering the onset of thermoregulatory reactions, should be defined. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Kizil G, Kizil M, Cakir DU, Yokus B. [99] used a microarray and quantitative real-time PCR to analyze the miRNA expression profile in the hippocampus on days 7 and 14 after irradiation with a microwave at 30mW/cm2. Hans Hertel, a Swiss food scientist, initiated the first tests on microwaved food and microwave cooking to determine how microwaves affect human physiology and the blood. 1975;148:1723. 2013;42:428. 2015;28:1324. 2002;57:2702. Exp Neurobiol. An increasing level of acetylcholine can increase the concentration of free calcium ions in synapses, but its concentration was decreased by 60% after exposure to microwave irradiation [117]. The microwave will do its intended job of heating and will start to burn (or cook) the skin tissue. The results demonstrated the ability of electric magnetic field (EMF) to influence plasma melatonin and serotonin concentrations in radar workers. In 2011, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) announced that microwave radiation has potentially carcinogenic effects (2B). Sharma A, Sisodia R, Bhatnagar D, Saxena VK. The levels of NMDA receptor subunits were increased 1 month after irradiation. Mack et al. Srinivasan R. Anatomical constraints on source models for high-resolution EEG and MEG derived from MRI. Krylova I, Dukhanin A, Il'in A, Kuznetsova EY, Balaeva N, Shimanovskii N, et al. Ongwijitwat S, Wong-Riley MT. One of the bad impacts a microwave has on humans, is that some of the acids in the food people put in the microwave, gets transformed into a type of acid which turns poisonous. The final apoptosis score in the exposed group was significantly reduced, and the total antioxidant capacity and catalysis observed in the experimental group was increased. Impairment of long-term potentiation induction is essential for the disruption of spatial memory after microwave exposure. J Pharm Sci. Electromagn Biol Med. Bioelectromagnetics. Megha et al. 2006;27:11926. Neurotoxicology. Gage FH, Kelly P, Bjorklund A. Kumar M, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0. Additionally, Larjabaara et al. Most of the workers recovered when they left the source of microwave radiation. 2003;80:194210. Suhhova A, Bachmann M, Karai D, Lass J, Hinrikus H. Effect of microwave radiation on human EEG at two different levels of exposure. Electromagn Biol Med. The authors found that 2.4GHz microwave radiation reduced the expression of some miRNAs such as miR-106b-5p and miR-107 [98]. Additionally, people exposed to military microwave sources were more vulnerable to brain tumors. Nimchinsky EA, Sabatini BL, Svoboda K. Structure and function of dendritic spines. Standard devices used by military personnel that may pose electromagnetic hazards include radars and missile systems. Front Neurosci. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. Neuroreport. Behav Brain Res. Numerous mechanisms can activate oxidative stress, including electromagnetic radiation, and thereby cause molecular damage. Neurosci Lett. 2010;39:67594. Bioelectromagnetics. Therefore, the authors concluded that exposure to a radiofrequency of 900MHz might trigger the neoplastic process because it produces a relative increase in the number of potentially long-lived cells. Correspondence to 2013;73:4737. [16] investigated workers who worked at a television transmitter station with a frequency ranging between 202 and 209MHz, 694701MHz, 750757MHz, or 774781MHz and at a medium-wave broadcasting station. Therefore, the central nervous system is considered one of the most sensitive organs that is targeted by microwave radiation [1, 2]. Szmigielski S. Cancer morbidity in subjects occupationally exposed to high frequency (radiofrequency and microwave) electromagnetic radiation. J Natl Cancer Inst. Effects of fetal microwave radiation exposure on offspring behavior in mice. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Google Scholar. Ann N Y Acad Sci. Clinics. CAS When nerve endings are excited, the vesicles release their contents into the synaptic cleft, resulting in synaptic transmission. These results indicated that mobile phone exposure affected the acquisition of learned responses in Wistar rats. Google Scholar. Hardell L, Carlberg M, Mild KH, Eriksson M. Case-control study on the use of mobile and cordless phones and the risk for malignant melanoma in the head and neck region. In industrial fields, exposure is usually occupational, and its sources include the surgical and physiotherapeutic use of diathermy, dielectric heating (i.e., heating and vulcanization applications), microwave ovens, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) medical diagnostic equipment, radar, military and research microwave systems, electricity-supplying networks, and electricity-distributing and transmitting equipment [3]. 1984;4:285665. Then that poisonous acid harms the kidneys and nervous system. To investigate the effects of microwaves radiation on apoptotic activity, cell viability, and cell cycle progression, which can provide information about microwaves radiation effects on neural cells over the period from embryonic stages to infants. Phot J. 2013;17:711. Biomed Environ Sci. The above results indicate a positive biological effect of microwave radiation and present a challenge with regard to how people can benefit from microwave radiation. 2012;31:25074. 2007;210:63544. Int J Occup Environ Health. In epidemiology, there is no conclusive evidence showing that microwaves have carcinogenic effects. After irradiation was applied for 2h/d for 60 d, the authors observed the following: microwave radiation produced by mobile phones damaged the brains of adult and young rats, the damage caused by mobile phones in the calling state was significantly more severe than that observed in the standby group, and the neurons of young rats were more seriously injured than those of adult rats. Cull-Candy SG, Leszkiewicz DN. Frequency Fields (RF) and Microwave Radiation on human health" by the Scientific Committee on Toxicity, Ecotoxicity and the Environment (CSTEE) from 2001, with respect . Cobb et al. PLoS One. Microwave radiation can heat body tissue the same way it heats your food. The effect of Wi-Fi electromagnetic waves in unimodal and multimodal object recognition tasks in male rats. [38] exposed Wistar rats to a 2.856GHz pulsed microwave field for 6min. Khurana VG, Teo C, Kundi M, Hardell L, Carlberg M. Cell phones and brain tumors: a review including the long-term epidemiologic data. The hippocampus plays roles in learning and memory, and the results of these studies suggest that the deficits in learning and memory functions observed after exposure to microwave irradiation might be due to abnormalities induced in hippocampal structures. Microwave frequencies for which the wavelengths are the same order of magnitude as the dimensions of human body produce close coupling between the body and the microwave field. The results of EEG and analyses of the structure of the brain after radiation have also confirmed the influence of microwaves. Smythe JW, Costall B. Shahin found that regardless of whether exposure was long-term or short-term, 2.45GHz microwaves increased oxidative/nitrosative stress, which potentially led to apoptosis in hippocampal subfield neurons and non-neuronal cells as a result of p53-dependent/independent activation. Joubert et al. Mikrobiolohichny zhurnal (Kiev, Ukraine: 1993) Serge Voychuk. [111] found that the rate of glucose metabolism in the brains of rats was lower after short-term exposure to microwave radiation, and the blood glucose management reduced the damage that was caused by microwave radiation due to the decreased glucose uptake (2.45MHz, 1mW/cm2, continuous radiation for 30 d at 3h/d), as were learning and memory capacity. To determine the precise dose-effect relationship between microwave radiation and its biological effects, further detailed studies must be performed. Vorobyov et al. To investigate whether exposure of rat brains to GMS microwaves induced DNA breaks and changes in gene expression, Belyaev et al. A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. Technol Cancer Res Treat. Handheld cellular telephone use and risk of brain cancer. frequency range from 1GHz to 10^6 GHz. With the increasing number of applications that use microwave technology, its negative effects on the human body have attracted attention. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. It is widely accepted that protein synthesis occurs in neuronal dendrites and may be the cellular basis of learning and memory, during which local protein synthesis and synaptic plasticity are closely linked to the efficiency of communication between neurons. The results suggested that chronic non-modulated, but not modulated, microwave radiation may cause anxiety-like and depression-like behaviors and calcium- and NO-related biochemical changes in the brain [77]. Regional changes in brain glucose metabolism reflect cognitive impairments in aged rats. Ozben T. Oxidative stress and apoptosis: impact on cancer therapy. Researchers have also used the 12-arm maze test on rats to test spatial working ability after exposure to 2.45GHz pulse microwave radiation. [64] exposed cultured rat hippocampal neurons to GSM 1800MHz microwaves (SAR, 2.4W/kg) and observed a selective decrease in the amplitude of -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-soxazole propionic acid (AMPA) miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs). Moreover, the risk of developing Alzheimers disease is 3040% lower in people who use a mobile phone for more than 10years than in other individuals [35]. 2012;62:22336. Google Scholar. Furthermore, the expression of postsynaptic density 95 (PSD-95) in cultured neurons was decreased. Kayhan H, Esmekaya MA, Saglam AS, Tuysuz MZ, Canseven AG, Yagci AM, et al. It has been suggested that there is an increased risk of glioma at the highest exposure levels, but biases and errors prevent causal interpretations of these data. Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings . J Med Food. Bad impacts a microwave has on our daily lives. RF energy has the ability to heat human tissue, much like the way that microwave ovens heat food, and can be hazardous if the exposure is sufficiently intense or prolonged. Mil Med Sci. Larjavaara S, Schz J, Swerdlow A, Feychting M, Johansen C, Lagorio S, et al. 2014;12:75. Ragozzino ME, Unick KE, Gold PE. While microwave oven radiation doesn't cause cancer, it can cause painful burns if you're exposed to them. Schmid MR, Murbach M, Lustenberger C, Maire M, Kuster N, Achermann P, et al. Schz J, Jacobsen R, Olsen JH, Boice JD, McLaughlin JK, Johansen C. Cellular telephone use and cancer risk: update of a nationwide Danish cohort. J Natl Cancer Inst. Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with frequencies ranging from 300MHz to 300GHz. The authors predicted the differential expression of genes associated with transcription, translation and receptor functions (in addition to brain-related and signaling pathway-related) using the iRDB, miRbase and miRanda databases.

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